SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the common name for fish. For other uses, see <a href="Cod_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cod (disambiguation)">Cod (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:14em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; font-size:125%;">Commercial fish</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro">

<a href="Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Large predatory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Billfish#Species" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Bonito#Species" title="Bonito">bonito</a></li>

<li><a href="Mackerel#Species" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li>

<li><a href="Salmon#Species" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shark" title="Shark">shark</a></li>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro">

<a href="Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anchovy#Commercial_species" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li>

<li><a href="Herring#Species" title="Herring">herring</a></li>

<li><a href="Menhaden#Taxonomy" title="Menhaden">menhaden</a></li>

<li><a href="Sardine#Species" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sprat#Species" title="Sprat">sprat</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro">

<a href="Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<li><a href="Flatfish#Species_and_species_groups" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollock#Species" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro">

Mixed</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<li><a href="Tilapia#Species" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a></li></ul></td>

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<p><b>Cod</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: cod) is the <a href="Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> for the <a href="Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal fish</a> <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="Gadus" title="Gadus">Gadus</a></i>, belonging to the <a href="Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="Gadidae" title="Gadidae">Gadidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cod is also used as part of the common name for a number of other fish species, and one species that belongs to genus <i>Gadus</i> is commonly not called cod (<a href="Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a>, <i>Gadus chalcogrammus</i>).

</p><p>The two most common species of cod are the <a href="Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a> (<i>Gadus morhua</i>), which lives in the colder waters and deeper sea regions throughout the <a href="North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>, and the <a href="Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific cod</a> (<i>Gadus macrocephalus</i>), which is found in both eastern and western regions of the northern <a href="Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>. <i>Gadus morhua</i> was named by <a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> in <a href="10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>. (However, <i>G. morhua callarias</i>, a low-salinity, nonmigratory <a href="Subspecies" title="Subspecies">race</a> restricted to parts of the Baltic, was originally described as <i>Gadus callarias</i> by Linnaeus.)

</p><p><a href="Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod as food</a> is popular in several parts of the world. It has a mild flavour and a dense, flaky, <a href="Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">white flesh</a>. Cod livers are processed to make <a href="Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">cod liver oil</a>, a common source of <a href="Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>, <a href="Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, <a href="Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>, and <a href="Omega-3_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a> (<a href="Eicosapentaenoic_acid" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">EPA</a> and <a href="Docosahexaenoic_acid" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">DHA</a>). <a href="Scrod" title="Scrod">Scrod</a> is young Atlantic cod or <a href="Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>. In the United Kingdom, <a href="Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a> is one of the most common ingredients in <a href="Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>, along with <a href="Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> and <a href="Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a>.

</p>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2></div>

<p>At various times in the past, taxonomists included many species in the genus <i><a href="Gadus" title="Gadus">Gadus</a></i>. Most of these are now either classified in other genera, or have been recognized as forms of one of three species. All these species have a number of <a href="Common_name" title="Common name">common names</a>, most of them ending with the word "cod", whereas other species, as closely related, have other common names (such as <a href="Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a> and <a href="Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>). However, many other, unrelated species also have common names ending with cod. The usage often changes with different localities and at different times.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cod_in_the_genus_Gadus/True_cod">Cod in the genus <i>Gadus</i>/True cod</h3></div>

<p>Three species in the genus <i>Gadus</i> are currently called cod:

</p>

<caption><span class="nowrap">Cod in the genus <i>Gadus</i></span>

</caption>

<th>Common name

</th>

<th>Scientific name

</th>

<th>Maximum<br>length

</th>

<th>Common<br>length

</th>

<th>Maximum<br>weight

</th>

<th>Maximum<br>age

</th>

<th><a href="Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic<br>level</a>

</th>

</th>

</th>

</th>

<th><a href="IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN status</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a>

</td>

<td><i>Gadus morhua</i> <small><a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">200 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">100 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">96.0 kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">25 years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">4.4

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span> <small>Vulnerable</small><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific cod</a>

</td>

<td><i>Gadus macrocephalus</i> <small><a href="Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau" title="Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau">Tilesius</a>, 1810</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">119 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">22.7 kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">18 years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">4.0

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Greenland_cod" title="Greenland cod">Greenland cod</a>

</td>

<td><i>Gadus ogac</i> <small>Richardson, 1836</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">77.0 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">12 years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">3.6

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The fourth species of genus Gadus, <i><a href="Gadus_chalcogrammus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadus chalcogrammus">Gadus chalcogrammus</a></i>, is commonly called <i>Alaska pollock</i> or <i>walleye pollock</i>. But there are also less widespread alternative trade names highlighting the fish's belonging to the cod genus, like <i>snow cod</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seafood-handbook_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seafood-handbook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>bigeye cod</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-seafood-handbook_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seafood-handbook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_species">Related species</h3></div>

<p><i>Cod</i> forms part of the <a href="Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> of many other fish no longer classified in the genus <i>Gadus</i>. Many are members of the family <a href="Gadidae" title="Gadidae">Gadidae</a>; others are members of three related families within the order <a href="Gadiformes" title="Gadiformes">Gadiformes</a> whose names include the word "cod": the <a href="Morid_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Morid cod">morid cods</a>, <a href="Moridae" title="Moridae">Moridae</a> (100 or so species); the eel cods, <a href="Muraenolepididae" title="Muraenolepididae">Muraenolepididae</a> (four species); and the <a href="Eucla_cod" title="Eucla cod">Eucla cod</a>, <a href="Euclichthyidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclichthyidae">Euclichthyidae</a> (one species). The tadpole cod family (<a href="Ranicipitidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranicipitidae">Ranicipitidae</a>) has now been placed in Gadidae.

</p>

<caption><span class="nowrap">"Cod" in the order Gadiformes, but not part of <i>Gadus</i></span>

</caption>

<th>Common name

</th>

<th>Scientific name

</th>

<th>Maximum<br>length

</th>

<th>Common<br>length

</th>

<th>Maximum<br>weight

</th>

<th>Maximum<br>age

</th>

<th><a href="Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic<br>level</a>

</th>

</th>

</th>

</th>

<th><a href="IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN status</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Arctic_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic cod">Arctic cod</a>

</td>

<td><i>Arctogadus glacialis</i> <small>(Peters, 1872)</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">32.5 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">3.8

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="East_Siberian_cod" title="East Siberian cod">East Siberian cod</a>

</td>

<td><i>Arctogadus borisovi</i> <small>(Dryagin, 1932)</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">55.6 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">1.5 kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">3.9

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Eucla_cod" title="Eucla cod">Eucla cod</a>

</td>

<td><i>Euclichthys polynemus</i> <small>(McCulloch, 1926)</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">35.0 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">22.5 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">3.6

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Common_ling" title="Common ling">Common ling</a>

</td>

<td><i>Molva molva</i> <small>(<a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">200 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">106 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">45.0 kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">25 years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">4.3

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pelagic_cod" title="Pelagic cod">Pelagic cod</a>

</td>

<td><i>Melanonus gracilis</i> <small>(Günther, 1878)</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">18.7 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">3.5

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Polar_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar cod">Polar cod</a>

</td>

<td><i>Boreogadus saida</i> <small>(Lepechin, 1774)</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">40.0 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">25.0 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">7 years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">3.1

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><i>Trisopterus minutus</i> <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">40.0 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">20.0 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">5 years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">3.8

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><i>Lotella rhacina</i> <small>(Forster, 1801)</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">50.0 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">3.5

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Saffron_cod" title="Saffron cod">Saffron cod</a>

</td>

<td><i>Eleginus gracilis</i> <small>(<a href="Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau" title="Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau">Tilesius</a>, 1810)</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">55.0 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">1.3 kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">15 years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">4.1

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Small-headed_cod" title="Small-headed cod">Small-headed cod</a>

</td>

<td><i>Lepidion microcephalus</i> <small>(Cowper, 1956)</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">48.0 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">years

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">3.5

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tadpole_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadpole cod">Tadpole cod</a>

</td>

<td><i>Guttigadus globosus</i> <small>(Paulin, 1986)</small>

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">18.1 cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">cm

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">kg

</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">3.5 years

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Some fish have common names derived from "cod", such as <a href="Morids" class="mw-redirect" title="Morids">codling</a>, <a href="Codlet" title="Codlet">codlet</a>, or <a href="Tomcod" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomcod">tomcod</a>. ("Codling" is also used as a name for a young cod.)

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_species">Other species</h3></div>

<p>Some fish commonly known as cod are unrelated to <i>Gadus</i>. Part of this name confusion is market-driven. Severely shrunken Atlantic cod stocks have led to the marketing of cod replacements using <a href="Culinary_name" title="Culinary name">culinary names</a> of the form "<i>x</i> cod", according to culinary rather than phyletic similarity. The common names for the following species have become well established; note that all inhabit the <a href="Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perciformes">Perciformes</h4></div>

<p>Fish of the <a href="Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="Perciformes" title="Perciformes">Perciformes</a> that are commonly called "cod" include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Blue_cod" title="Blue cod">Blue cod</a> <i>Parapercis colias</i></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_freshwater_cod" title="Eastern freshwater cod">Eastern freshwater cod</a> <i>Maccullochella ikei</i></li>

<li><a href="Mary_River_cod" title="Mary River cod">Mary River cod</a> <i>Maccullochella mariensis</i></li>

<li><a href="Murray_cod" title="Murray cod">Murray cod</a> <i>Maccullochella peelii</i></li>

<li><a href="Potato_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato cod">Potato cod</a> <i>Epinephelus tukula</i></li>

<li><a href="Sleepy_cod" title="Sleepy cod">Sleepy cod</a> <i>Oxyeleotris lineolatus</i></li>

<li><a href="Trout_cod" title="Trout cod">Trout cod</a> <i>Maccullochella macquariensis</i></li>

<li>The notothen family, <a href="Nototheniidae" title="Nototheniidae">Nototheniidae</a>, including:

<ul><li><a href="Antarctic_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic cod">Antarctic cod</a> <i>Dissostichus mawsoni</i>

<ul><li><i>Dissostichus eliginoides</i>, the <a href="Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a>, is also marketed as "cod"</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Notothenia_microlepidota" title="Notothenia microlepidota">Black cod</a> <i>Notothenia microlepidota</i></li>

<li><a href="Maori_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori cod">Maori cod</a> <i>Paranotothenia magellanica</i></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rock_cod,_reef_cod,_and_coral_cod">Rock cod, reef cod, and coral cod</h4></div>

<p>Almost all <a href="Coral_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral cod">coral cod</a>, reef cod or <a href="Rock_cod" title="Rock cod">rock cod</a> are also in order <a href="Perciformes" title="Perciformes">Perciformes</a>. Most are better known as <a href="Grouper" title="Grouper">groupers</a>, and belong to the family <a href="Serranidae" title="Serranidae">Serranidae</a>. Others belong to the <a href="Nototheniidae" title="Nototheniidae">Nototheniidae</a>. Two exceptions are the <a href="Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasian</a> <a href="Red_rock_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rock cod">red rock cod</a>, which belongs to a different order (see below), and the fish known simply as the rock cod and as soft cod in New Zealand, <i><a href="Lotella_rhacina" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotella rhacina">Lotella rhacina</a></i>, which as noted above actually is related to the true cod (it is a morid cod).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scorpaeniformes">Scorpaeniformes</h4></div>

<p>From the order <a href="Scorpaeniformes" title="Scorpaeniformes">Scorpaeniformes</a>:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Ling_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Ling cod">Ling cod</a> <i>Ophiodon elongatus</i></li>

<li><a href="Red_rock_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rock cod">Red rock cod</a> <i>Scorpaena papillosa</i></li>

<li>Rock cod <i><a href="Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Sebastes</a></i></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ophidiiformes">Ophidiiformes</h4></div>

<p>The tadpole cod family, <a href="Ranicipitidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranicipitidae">Ranicipitidae</a>, and the <a href="Eucla_cod" title="Eucla cod">Eucla cod</a> family, <a href="Euclichthyidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclichthyidae">Euclichthyidae</a>, were formerly classified in the order <a href="Ophidiiformes" title="Ophidiiformes">Ophidiiformes</a>, but are now grouped with the <a href="Gadiformes" title="Gadiformes">Gadiformes</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketed_as_cod">Marketed as cod</h3></div>

<p>Some fish that do not have "cod" in their names are sometimes sold as cod. Haddock and whiting belong to the same family, the Gadidae, as cod.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a> <i>Melanogrammus aeglefinus</i></li>

<li><a href="Merlangius_merlangus" class="mw-redirect" title="Merlangius merlangus">Whiting</a> <i>Merlangius merlangus</i></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

<p>Cods of the genus <i>Gadus</i> have three rounded <a href="Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal</a> and two <a href="Anal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal fin">anal fins</a>. The <a href="Pelvic_fin" title="Pelvic fin">pelvic fins</a> are small, with the first ray extended, and are set under the <a href="Gill" title="Gill">gill</a> cover (i.e. the throat region), in front of the <a href="Pectoral_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fin">pectoral fins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper jaw extends over the lower jaw, which has a well-developed <a href="Barbel_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbel (anatomy)">chin barbel</a>. The eyes are medium-sized, approximately the same as the length of the chin barbel. Cod have a distinct white <a href="Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a> running from the gill slit above the pectoral fin, to the base of the <a href="Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">caudal</a> or tail fin. The back tends to be a greenish to sandy brown, and shows extensive mottling, especially towards the lighter sides and white belly. Dark brown colouration of the back and sides is not uncommon, especially for individuals that have resided in rocky inshore regions.

</p><p>The <a href="Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a> can change colour at certain water depths. It has two distinct colour phases: gray-green and reddish brown. Its average weight is 5–12 kilograms (11–26 pounds), but specimens weighing up to 100 kg (220 lb) have been recorded. Pacific cod are smaller than Atlantic cod<sup id="cite_ref-FBAtlantic_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBAtlantic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FBPacific_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBPacific-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are darker in colour.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div>

<p><a href="Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a> (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) live in the colder waters and deeper sea regions throughout the North Atlantic. <a href="Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific cod</a> (<i>Gadus macrocephalus</i>) is found in both eastern and western regions of the <a href="Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBr_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBr-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Atlantic cod could be further divided into several <a href="Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">stocks</a>, including the <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Arcto-Norwegian</a>, <a href="North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, <a href="Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, <a href="Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe</a>, <a href="Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="East_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="East Greenland">East Greenland</a>, <a href="West_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="West Greenland">West Greenland</a>, <a href="Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, and <a href="Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> stocks. There seems to be little interchange between the stocks, although migrations to their individual breeding grounds may involve distances of 300 kilometres (190 statute miles; 160 nautical miles) or more.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, eastern Baltic cod shows specific reproductive adaptations to low salinity compared to Western Baltic and Atlantic cod.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Atlantic cod occupy varied habitats, favouring rough ground, especially inshore, and are <a href="Demersal" class="mw-redirect" title="Demersal">demersal</a> in depths between 6 and 60 metres (20 and 200 feet; 3 and 30 fathoms), 80 m (260 ft; 44 fathoms) on average, although not uncommonly to depths of 600 m (2,000 ft; 330 fathoms). Off the Norwegian and New England coasts and on the <a href="Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks of Newfoundland</a>, cod congregate at certain seasons in water of 30–70 m (100–200 ft; 20–40 fathoms) depth. Cod are gregarious and form schools, although <a href="Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">shoaling</a> tends to be a feature of the spawning season.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2></div>

<p>Spawning of northeastern Atlantic cod occurs between January and April (March and April are the peak months), at a depth of 200 metres (660 ft) in specific spawning grounds at water temperatures between 4 and 6 °C (39 and 43 °F). Around the UK, the major spawning grounds are in the middle to southern North Sea, the start of the <a href="Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> (north of <a href="Newquay" title="Newquay">Newquay</a>), the <a href="North_Channel_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" title="North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)">Irish Channel</a> (both east and west of the <a href="Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>), around <a href="Stornoway" title="Stornoway">Stornoway</a>, and east of <a href="Helmsdale" title="Helmsdale">Helmsdale</a>.

</p><p>Prespawning courtship involves fin displays and male grunting, which leads to pairing.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male inverts himself beneath the female, and the pair swim in circles while spawning. The eggs are planktonic and hatch between eight and 23 days, with larva reaching <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">

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</style>4 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> inch) in length. This planktonic phase lasts some ten weeks, enabling the young cod to increase its body weight by 40-fold, and growing to about 2 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in). The young cod then move to the seabed and change their diet to small <a href="Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> <a href="Crustaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustaceans">crustaceans</a>, such as <a href="Isopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopods">isopods</a> and small crabs. They increase in size to 8 cm (3 in) in the first six months, 14–18 cm (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–7 in) by the end of their first year, and to 25–35 cm (10–14 in) by the end of the second. Growth tends to be less at higher latitudes. Cod reach maturity at about 50 cm (20 in) at about 3 to 4 years of age. Changes in growth rate over decades of particular stocks have been reported, current eastern Baltic cod shows the lowest growth observed since 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Diseases_and_parasites_in_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases and parasites in cod">Diseases and parasites in cod</a></div>

<p>Adult cod are active hunters, feeding on <a href="Sand_eel" title="Sand eel">sand eels</a>, <a href="Merlangius_merlangus" class="mw-redirect" title="Merlangius merlangus">whiting</a>, <a href="Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, small cod, <a href="Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, <a href="Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a>, <a href="Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, <a href="Worm" title="Worm">worms</a>, <a href="Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, and <a href="Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>.

</p><p>In the Baltic Sea the most important prey species are <a href="Atlantic_herring" title="Atlantic herring">herring</a> and <a href="Sprattus_sprattus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprattus sprattus">sprat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koster2001_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koster2001-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many studies that analyze the stomach contents of these fish indicate that cod is the top predator, preying on the herring and sprat.<sup id="cite_ref-Koster2001_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koster2001-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sprat form particularly high concentrations in the <a href="Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a> Basin in the southern Baltic Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Casini2004_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casini2004-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although cod feed primarily on adult sprat, sprat tend to prey on the cod eggs and larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-Nissling2004_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nissling2004-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Cod and related species are plagued by parasites. For example, the <a href="Cod_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Cod worm">cod worm</a>, <i>Lernaeocera branchialis</i>, starts life as a <a href="Copepod" title="Copepod">copepod</a>-like larva, a small free-swimming crustacean. The first host used by the larva is a <a href="Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a> or <a href="Lumpsucker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumpsucker">lumpsucker</a>, which it captures with grasping hooks at the front of its body. It penetrates the fish with a thin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filament" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:filament">filament</a>, which it uses to suck the fish's blood. The nourished larvae then mate on the fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Piper_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female larva, with her now fertilized eggs, then finds a cod, or a cod-like fish such as a <a href="Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> or <a href="Whiting_(fish)" title="Whiting (fish)">whiting</a>. There the larva clings to the <a href="Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> while it metamorphoses into a plump sinusoidal wormlike body with a coiled mass of egg strings at the rear. The front part of the worm's body penetrates the body of the cod until it enters the rear bulb of the host's <a href="Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. There, firmly rooted in the cod's circulatory system, the front part of the parasite develops like the branches of a tree, reaching into the main <a href="Artery" title="Artery">artery</a>. In this way, the worm extracts nutrients from the cod's blood, remaining safely tucked beneath the cod's gill cover until it releases a new generation of offspring into the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Piper_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fisheries">Fisheries</h2></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Global commercial capture of Atlantic and Pacific cod<br>in million tonnes reported by the <a href="FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> 1950–2010<sup id="cite_ref-FAOdata_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The same chart as above, but showing embedded in light green, the <a href="Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></div>

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<p>The 2006 northwest Atlantic cod <a href="Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">quota</a> is 23,000 tons, representing half the available stocks, while the northeast Atlantic quota is 473,000 tons. Pacific cod is currently enjoying strong global demand. The 2006 <a href="Total_allowable_catch" class="mw-redirect" title="Total allowable catch">total allowable catch</a> (TAC) for the <a href="Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a> and <a href="Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> was 260,000 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h2></div>

<p>Farming of Atlantic cod has received a significant amount of interest due to the overall trend of increasing cod prices alongside reduced wild catches.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, progress in creating large scale farming of cod has been slow, mainly due to bottlenecks in the larval production stage, where survival and growth are often unpredictable.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that this bottleneck may be overcome by ensuring cod larvae are fed diets with similar nutritional content as the copepods they feed on in the wild <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent examples have shown that increasing dietary levels of minerals such as selenium, iodine and zinc may improve survival and/or biomarkers for health in aquaculture reared cod larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod as food</a></div>

<p>Cod is popular as a <a href="Food" title="Food">food</a> with a mild flavour and a dense, flaky <a href="Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">white flesh</a>. Cod livers are processed to make <a href="Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">cod liver oil</a>, an important source of <a href="Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>, <a href="Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, <a href="Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> and <a href="Omega-3_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a> (<a href="Eicosapentaenoic_acid" title="Eicosapentaenoic acid">EPA</a> and <a href="Docosahexaenoic_acid" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">DHA</a>).

</p><p>Young Atlantic cod or <a href="Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> prepared in strips for cooking is called <a href="Scrod" title="Scrod">scrod</a>. In the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a> is one of the most common ingredients in <a href="Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>, along with <a href="Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> and <a href="Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a>. Cod's soft liver can be tinned (canned) and eaten.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Cod has been an important economic commodity in <a href="International_market" class="mw-redirect" title="International market">international markets</a> since the <a href="Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> period (around 800 AD). <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norwegians</a> travelled with <a href="Dried_and_salted_cod" title="Dried and salted cod">dried cod</a> and soon a dried cod market developed in southern <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. This market has lasted for more than 1,000 years, enduring the <a href="Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, wars and other crises, and is still an important Norwegian fish trade.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> began fishing cod in the 15th century. <a href="Clipfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipfish">Clipfish</a> is widely enjoyed in Portugal. The <a href="Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> played an important role in the cod trade, and allegedly found the <a href="Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Canadian fishing banks</a> before <a href="Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>' discovery of America.<sup id="cite_ref-kurl_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurl-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North American east coast developed in part due to the vast cod stocks. Many cities in the New England area are located near cod fishing grounds. The fish was so important to the history and development of <a href="Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, the state's House of Representatives hung a wood carving of a codfish, known as the <a href="Sacred_Cod_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Cod of Massachusetts">Sacred Cod of Massachusetts</a>, in its chambers.

</p><p>Apart from the long history, cod differ from most fish because the fishing grounds are far from population centres. The large cod fisheries along the coast of <a href="North_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="North Norway">North Norway</a> (and in particular close to the <a href="Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofoten</a> islands) have been developed almost uniquely for <a href="Export" title="Export">export</a>, depending on sea transport of <a href="Stockfish" title="Stockfish">stockfish</a> over large distances.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the introduction of salt, <a href="Dried_and_salted_cod" title="Dried and salted cod">dried and salted cod</a> (clipfish or 'klippfisk' in Norwegian) has also been exported. By the end of the 14th century, the <a href="Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> dominated trade operations and sea transport, with <a href="Bergen%2C_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen, Norway">Bergen</a> as the most important port.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="William_Pitt_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt the Elder">William Pitt the Elder</a>, criticizing the <a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> in <a href="Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a>, claimed cod was "British gold"; and that it was folly to restore <a href="Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> fishing rights to the <a href="France" title="France">French</a>.

</p><p>In the 17th and 18th centuries in the New World, especially in <a href="Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and Newfoundland, cod became a major commodity, creating trade networks and cross-cultural exchanges. In 1733, Britain tried to gain control over trade between New England and the British <a href="Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> by imposing the <a href="Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a>, which they believed would eliminate the trade by making it unprofitable. The cod trade grew instead, because the "French were eager to work with the New Englanders in a lucrative contraband arrangement".<sup id="cite_ref-kurl_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurl-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to increasing trade, the New England settlers organized into a "codfish aristocracy". The colonists rose up against Britain's "tariff on an import".

</p><p>In the 20th century, <a href="Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> re-emerged as a fishing power and entered the <a href="Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a>. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, fishing off the European and American coasts severely depleted stocks and become a major political issue. The necessity of restricting catches to allow stocks to recover upset the fishing industry and politicians who are reluctant to hurt employment.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery">Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</a></div>

<p>On July 2, 1992, the Honourable <a href="John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">John Crosbie</a>, Canadian <a href="Minister_of_Fisheries_and_Oceans_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Fisheries and Oceans (Canada)">Federal Minister of Fisheries and Oceans</a>, declared a two-year <a href="Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on the Northern Cod fishery,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a designated fishing region off the coast of <a href="Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, after data showed that the total cod biomass had suffered a collapse to less than 1% of its normal value.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_and_Butler,_1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_and_Butler,_1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minister championed the measure as a temporary solution, allowing the cod population time to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fisheries had long shaped the lives and communities on Canada's Atlantic eastern coast for the preceding five centuries. Societies which are dependent on fishing have a strong mutual relationship with them: the act of fishing changes the ecosystems' balance, which forces the fishery and, in turn, the fishing societies to adapt to new ecological conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_and_Butler,_1_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_and_Butler,_1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The near-complete destruction of the Atlantic northwest cod biomass off the shores devastated coastal communities, which had been overexploiting the same cod population for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fishermen along the Atlantic northwest had employed modern fishing technologies, including the ecologically-devastating practice of <a href="Trawling" title="Trawling">trawling</a>, especially in the years leading up to the 1990s, in the misguided belief that fishing stocks are perpetually plentiful and unable to be depleted.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this assumption was empirically and abruptly shown to be incorrect, to the dismay of government officials and rural workers, some 19,000 fishermen and cod processing plant workers in Newfoundland lost their employment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 40,000 workers and harvesters in the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador applied for the federal relief program TAGS (the Atlantic Groundfish Strategy). Abandoned and rusting fishing boats still litter the coasts of Newfoundland and the Canadian northwest to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The fishery minister, John Crosbie, after delivering a speech on the day before the declaration of the moratorium, or July 1, 1992, was publicly heckled and verbally harassed by disgruntled locals at a fishing village.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moratorium, initially lasting for only two years,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was indefinitely extended after it became evident that cod populations had not recovered at all but, instead, had continued to spiral downward in both size and numbers, due to the damage caused by decades of horrible fishing practices, and the fact that the moratorium had permitted exceptions for food fisheries for "personal consumption" purposes to this very day.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 12,000 tons of Northwest cod are still being caught every year along the Newfoundland coast by local fishermen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The collapse of the four-million ton biomass, which had persevered through several previous marine extinctions over tens of millions of years, in a timespan of no more than 20 years, is oft-cited by researchers as one of the most visible examples of the phenomenon of the "Tragedy of the Commons."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors which had been implicated as contributing to the collapse include: overfishing; government mismanagement; the disregard of scientific uncertainty;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> warming habitat waters; declining reproduction; and plain human ignorance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Northern Cod biomass has been recovering slowly since the imposition of the moratorium. However, as of 2021, the growth of the cod population has been stagnant since 2017, and some scientists argue that the population will not rebound unless the Fisheries Department of Canada lower its yearly quota to 5,000 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>      Historical images                                

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:620px;max-width:620px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">History</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Fishing_stage" title="Fishing stage">Fishing stage</a> for curing and drying cod, <a href="Herman_Moll" title="Herman Moll">Herman Moll</a> 1654–1732</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Drying fish 1908</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cod and halibut before 1927</div></div></div></div></div>

<div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:602px;max-width:602px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">History</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Manufacturing cod-liver oil,<br>Newfoundland 1858 <sup id="cite_ref-Girard_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Girard-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cod fishery,<br>Newfoundland 1858 <sup id="cite_ref-Girard_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Girard-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Carlisle Packaging Company, a floating cod cannery, <a href="Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon River</a>, Alaska c. 1918</div></div></div></div></div>

<div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:456px;max-width:456px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Paintings</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Little Girl with a Cod, <a href="Anna_Ancher" title="Anna Ancher">Anna Ancher</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Still-life with fish and shellfish, <a href="Isaac_van_Duynen" title="Isaac van Duynen">Isaac van Duynen</a></div></div></div></div></div>

<div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:303px;max-width:303px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Stamps</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cod postage stamp, <a href="Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div></div></div>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<ul><li><i><a href="The_Cod_Fisheries%3A_The_History_of_an_International_Economy" title="The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy">The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy</a></i>, for the Canadian industry</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cod"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cod">"Cod" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 632.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FBAtlantic-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FBAtlantic_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBAtlantic_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Gadus&speciesname=morhua">"<i>Gadus morhua</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2218/en"><i>Gadus morhua</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907195108/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2218/en">Archived</a> 7 September 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164712">"Gadus morhua"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sobel, J. (1996). <i>Gadus morhua</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FBPacific-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FBPacific_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBPacific_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Gadus&speciesname=macrocephalus">"<i>Gadus macrocephalus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2219/en"><i>Gadus macrocephalus</i> (Tilesius, 1810) </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207194404/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2219/en">Archived</a> 7 February 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164711">"Gadus macrocephalus"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Gadus&speciesname=ogac">"<i>Gadus ogac</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3011/en"><i>Gadus ogac</i> (Richardson, 1836) </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201235558/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3011/en">Archived</a> 1 February 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164717">"Gadus ogac"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute: <i>Whitefish Buyers Guide</i>. (Memento of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926232617/http://www.alaskaseafood.org/retailers/practices/pages/buyerguide-whitefish/index.html">original</a> as of 26 September 2006 in the <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-seafood-handbook-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seafood-handbook_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seafood-handbook_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">SeafoodSource.com (23 January 2014): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seafoodsource.com/seafood-handbook/finfish/pollock-alaska">Alaska pollock</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525040525/https://www.seafoodsource.com/seafood-handbook/finfish/pollock-alaska">Archived</a> 25 May 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doré, Ian (1991): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lLUBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22snow+cod%22&pg=PA126">The New Fresh Seafood Buyer’s Guide: A manual for distributors, restaurants, and retailers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607210229/https://books.google.de/books?id=5lLUBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126&lpg=PA126&dq=%22snow+cod%22&source=bl&ots=3JKgaK_uqF&sig=ACfU3U2yVYITK2_eFytdKdGvR-RPcyx8jw&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwibq6Gc3b3pAhUJzKQKHRumADgQ6AEwD3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22snow%20cod%22&f=false">Archived</a> 7 June 2020 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,</i> p. 126.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Arctogadus&speciesname=glacialis">"<i>Arctogadus glacialis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164704">"Arctogadus glacialis"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Arctogadus&speciesname=borisovi">"<i>Arctogadus borisovi</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164703">"Arctogadus borisovi"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Euclichthys&speciesname=polynemus">"<i>Euclichthys polynemus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=550695">"Euclichthys polynemus"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Molva&speciesname=molva">"<i>Molva molva</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2220/en"><i>Molva molva</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320174050/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2220/en">Archived</a> 20 March 2013 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164760">"Molva molva"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Melanonus&speciesname=gracilis">"<i>Melanonus gracilis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=550806">"Melanonus gracilis"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Boreogadus&speciesname=saida">"<i>Boreogadus saida</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2233/en"><i>Boreogadus saida</i> (Lepechin, 1774)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501094448/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2233/en">Archived</a> 1 May 2013 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164706">"Boreogadus saida"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Trisopterus&speciesname=minutus">"<i>Trisopterus minutus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164754">"Trisopterus minutus"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Lotella&speciesname=rhacina">"<i>Lotella rhacina</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=622984">"Lotella rhacina"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Eleginus&speciesname=gracilis">"<i>Eleginus gracilis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3014/en"><i>Eleginus gracilis</i> (Tilesius, 1810)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212031909/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3014/en">Archived</a> 12 February 2013 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164708">"Eleginus gracilis"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Lepidion&speciesname=microcephalus">"<i>Lepidion microcephalus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; <a href="Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Guttigadus&speciesname=globosus">"<i>Guttigadus globosus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=623005">"Guttigadus globosus"</a>. <a href="Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEndoVikebøYaraginaHjøllo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Endo, Clarissa Akemi Kajiya; Vikebø, Frode B.; Yaragina, Natalia A.; Hjøllo, Solfrid Sætre; Stige, Leif Christian (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffrym.2021.622088">"Cod's Journey Back Home—From Birth to Nursery"</a>. <i>Frontiers for Young Minds</i>. <b>9</b>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffrym.2021.622088">10.3389/frym.2021.622088</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-EBr-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBr_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/123849/cod">"Cod"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308033613/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/123849/cod">Archived</a> 8 March 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica online</i> 2008</span>

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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKjesbuBogstadDevineGjøsæter2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kjesbu, Olav Sigurd; Bogstad, Bjarte; Devine, Jennifer A.; Gjøsæter, Harald; Howell, Daniel; Ingvaldsen, Randi B.; Nash, Richard D. M.; Skjæraasen, Jon Egil (4 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948268">"Synergies between climate and management for Atlantic cod fisheries at high latitudes"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>111</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">3478–</span>3483. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.3478K">2014PNAS..111.3478K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1316342111">10.1073/pnas.1316342111</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948268">3948268</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24550465">24550465</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVallinNisslingWestin1999" class="citation journal cs1">Vallin, Lars; Nissling, Anders; Westin, Lars (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4314854">"Potential Factors Influencing Reproductive Success of Baltic Cod, Gadus morhua: A Review"</a>. <i>Ambio</i>. <b>28</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">92–</span>99. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-7447">0044-7447</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4314854">4314854</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121131357/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4314854">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrawn1961" class="citation journal cs1">Brawn, V.M. (1961). "Reproductive behaviour of the cod <i>(Gadus callarias L.)</i>". <i>Behaviour</i>. <b>18</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">177–</span>197. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853961x00114">10.1163/156853961x00114</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4532991">4532991</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMionHaaseHemmer-HansenHilvarsson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mion, Monica; Haase, Stefanie; Hemmer-Hansen, Jakob; Hilvarsson, Annelie; Hüssy, Karin; Krüger-Johnsen, Maria; Krumme, Uwe; McQueen, Kate; Plikshs, Maris; Radtke, Krzysztof; Schade, Franziska Maria (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/faf.12527">"Multidecadal changes in fish growth rates estimated from tagging data: A case study from the Eastern Baltic cod ( Gadus morhua, Gadidae )"</a>. <i>Fish and Fisheries</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">413–</span>427. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ffaf.12527">10.1111/faf.12527</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11585%2F809386">11585/809386</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-2960">1467-2960</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233795252">233795252</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121131356/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/faf.12527">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Koster2001-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koster2001_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koster2001_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKösterMöllmannNeuenfeldtSt_John2001" class="citation journal cs1">Köster, Friedrich W.; Möllmann, Christian; Neuenfeldt, Stefan; St John, Michael A; Plikshs, Maris; Voss, Rüdiger (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioweb.coas.oregonstate.edu/~ciannellilab/cameo/articles/neuenfeldt/2001k%F6steretal.pdf">"Developing Baltic cod recruitment models. I. Resolving spatial and temporal dynamics of spawning stock and recruitment for cod, herring, and sprat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</i>. <b>58</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1516–</span>1533. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fcjfas-58-8-1516">10.1139/cjfas-58-8-1516</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://bioweb.coas.oregonstate.edu/~ciannellilab/cameo/articles/neuenfeldt/2001k%F6steretal.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite> </span>

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<li id="cite_note-Casini2004-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casini2004_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCasini,_MicheleCardinale,_MassimilianoArrheni,_Fredrik2004" class="citation journal cs1">Casini, Michele; Cardinale, Massimiliano & Arrheni, Fredrik (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icesjms.2003.12.011">"Feeding preferences of herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>) and sprat (<i>Sprattus sprattus</i>) in the southern Baltic Sea"</a>. <i>ICES Journal of Marine Science</i>. <b>61</b> (8): 1267. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ICJMS..61.1267C">2004ICJMS..61.1267C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icesjms.2003.12.011">10.1016/j.icesjms.2003.12.011</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Nissling2004-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nissling2004_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNissling,_Anders2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nissling, Anders (2004). "Effects of temperature on egg and larval survival of cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) and sprat (<i>Sprattus sprattus</i>) in the Baltic Sea – implications for stock development". <i>Hydrobiologia</i>. <b>514</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>123. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004HyBio.514..115N">2004HyBio.514..115N</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3Ahydr.0000018212.88053.aa">10.1023/B:hydr.0000018212.88053.aa</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59944278">59944278</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Piper-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piper_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piper_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extraordinaryani0000pipe"><i>Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals</i></a></span>. <a href="Greenwood_Press_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press (publisher)">Greenwood Press</a>. 2007. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780313339226</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FAOdata-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on data sourced from the relevant <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/search/en">FAO Species Fact Sheets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508190513/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/search/en">Archived</a> 8 May 2009 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on data sourced from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/18043/en">FIGIS database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430063052/http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/18043/en">Archived</a> 30 April 2012 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, FAO.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e.pdf">The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915222055/http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e.pdf">Archived</a> 15 September 2011 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. fao.org. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-92-5-106675-1</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKamisaka,_Y.Jordal,_A.E.O.Edvardsen,_R.B.Kryvi,_H.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kamisaka, Y.; Jordal, A.E.O.; Edvardsen, R.B.; Kryvi, H.; Otterlei, E.; Rønnestad, I (2010). "A case report on the distended gut syndrome (DGS) in cultured larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)". <i><a href="Aquaculture_(journal)" title="Aquaculture (journal)">Aquaculture</a></i>. <b>309</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>48. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Aquac.309...38K">2010Aquac.309...38K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2010.09.006">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.09.006</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Meeren,_T.Olsen,_R.E.Hamre,_K.Fyhn,_H.J2008" class="citation journal cs1">van der Meeren, T.; Olsen, R.E.; Hamre, K.; Fyhn, H.J (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/11250/108219/1/Biochemical%20composition%20of%20Copepods%20-%20Accepted%20preproof.pdf">"Biochemical composition of copepods for evaluation of feed quality in production of juvenile marine fish"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="Aquaculture_(journal)" title="Aquaculture (journal)">Aquaculture</a></i>. <b>274</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">375–</span>397. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Aquac.274..375V">2008Aquac.274..375V</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2007.11.041">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.11.041</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F108219">11250/108219</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412025727/https://www.unit.no/ugyldig-lenke-til-dokument-i-vitenarkiv">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHamre,_K.Mollan,_T.A.Sæle,_Ø.Erstad,_B2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hamre, K.; Mollan, T.A.; Sæle, Ø.; Erstad, B (2008). "Rotifers enriched with iodine and selenium increase survival in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae". <i><a href="Aquaculture_(journal)" title="Aquaculture (journal)">Aquaculture</a></i>. <b>284</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">190–</span>195. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Aquac.284..190H">2008Aquac.284..190H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2008.07.052">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.07.052</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPenglase,_S.Nordgreen,_A.van_der_Meeren,_T.Olsvik,_P.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Penglase, S.; Nordgreen, A.; van der Meeren, T.; Olsvik, P.; Sæle, O.; Baeverfjord, G.; Helland, S.; Hamre, K (2010). "Increasing the level of selenium in rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis 'Cayman') enhances the mRNA expression and activity of glutathione peroxidase in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) larvae". <i><a href="Aquaculture_(journal)" title="Aquaculture (journal)">Aquaculture</a></i>. <b>306</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">259–</span>269. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2010.05.011">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.05.011</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPenglase,_S.Harboe,_T.Sæle,_O.Helland,_S.2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Penglase, S.; Harboe, T.; Sæle, O.; Helland, S.; Nordgreen, A.; Hamre, K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628846">"Iodine nutrition and toxicity in Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) larvae"</a>. <i>PeerJ</i>. 1:e20: e20. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.20">10.7717/peerj.20</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628846">3628846</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23638355">23638355</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPenglase,_S.Hamre,_K.Olsvik,_P.Grøtan,_E.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Penglase, S.; Hamre, K.; Olsvik, P.; Grøtan, E.; Nordgreen, A (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fare.12332">"Rotifers enriched with iodine, copper and manganese had no effect on larval cod (Gadus morhua) growth, mineral status or redox system gene mRNA levels"</a>. <i>Aquaculture Research</i>. <b>46</b> (8): 1793. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fare.12332">10.1111/are.12332</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarrettBeukensSimpsonAshmore2000" class="citation journal cs1">Barrett, James; Beukens, Roelf; Simpson, Ian; Ashmore, Patrick; Poaps, Sandra; Huntley, Jacqui (2000). "What was the Viking age and when did it happen? A view from Orkney". <i><a href="Norwegian_Archaeological_Review" title="Norwegian Archaeological Review">Norwegian Archaeological Review</a></i>. <b>33</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>39. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00293650050202600">10.1080/00293650050202600</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162229393">162229393</a>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFKurlansky1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Mark_Kurlansky" title="Mark Kurlansky">Kurlansky, Mark</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/codbiographyof00kurl"><i>Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World</i></a></span>. New York: Walker. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8027-1326-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRollefsen,_G.1966" class="citation journal cs1">Rollefsen, G. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brage.bibsys.no/imr/handle/URN:NBN:no-bibsys_brage_8018">"Norwegian fisheries research"</a>. <i>Fiskeridirektoratets Skrifter, Serie Havundersøkelser</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102204152/http://brage.bibsys.no/imr/handle/URN:NBN:no-bibsys_brage_8018">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFHolt-Jensen,_A.1985" class="citation journal cs1">Holt-Jensen, A. (1985). "Norway and the sea: the shifting importance of marine resources through Norwegian history". <i><a href="GeoJournal" title="GeoJournal">GeoJournal</a></i>. <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">393–</span>399. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985GeoJo..10..393H">1985GeoJo..10..393H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00461710">10.1007/BF00461710</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153579866">153579866</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Frank-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_T._FrankBrian_PetrieJae_S._ChoiWilliam_C._Leggett2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kenneth T. Frank; Brian Petrie; Jae S. Choi; William C. Leggett (2005). "Trophic Cascades in a Formerly Cod-Dominated Ecosystem". <i>Science</i>. <b>308</b> (5728): <span class="nowrap">1621–</span>1623. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1621F">2005Sci...308.1621F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1113075">10.1126/science.1113075</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15947186">15947186</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45088691">45088691</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222194251/http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/collapse-of-atlantic-cod-stocks-off-the-east-coast-of-newfoundland-in-1992_11e4">"Collapse of Atlantic cod stocks off the East Coast of Newfoundland in 1992 | GRID-Arendal – Maps & Graphics library"</a>. <i>www.grida.no</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/collapse-of-atlantic-cod-stocks-off-the-east-coast-of-newfoundland-in-1992_11e4">the original</a> on 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/the-cod-delusion/">"The cod delusion"</a>. <i>canadiangeographic.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Hamilton_and_Butler,_1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_and_Butler,_1_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_and_Butler,_1_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton and Butler, 1.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMason2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Fred (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/19p7z78s">"The Newfoundland Cod Stock Collapse: A Review and Analysis of Social Factors"</a>. <i>Electronic Green Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (17). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2FG311710480">10.5070/G311710480</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPedersenThompsonBallFortin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pedersen, Eric J.; Thompson, Patrick L.; Ball, R. Aaron; Fortin, Marie-Josée; Gouhier, Tarik C.; Link, Heike; Moritz, Charlotte; Nenzen, Hedvig; Stanley, Ryan R. E.; Taranu, Zofia E.; Gonzalez, Andrew; Guichard, Frédéric; Pepin, Pierre (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5541544">"Signatures of the collapse and incipient recovery of an overexploited marine ecosystem"</a>. <i>Royal Society Open Science</i>. <b>4</b> (7): 170215. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RSOS....470215P">2017RSOS....470215P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.170215">10.1098/rsos.170215</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2054-5703">2054-5703</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5541544">5541544</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28791149">28791149</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107022718/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/cod-moratorium-30th-anniversary-1.6506628">"Fish still missing, traditions extinct 30 years after N.L. cod moratorium | CBC News"</a>. 7 January 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/cod-moratorium-30th-anniversary-1.6506628">the original</a> on 7 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107023258/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/cod-return-1.5992916">"After almost 3 decades, cod are still not back off N.L. Scientists worry it may never happen | CBC News"</a>. 7 January 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/cod-return-1.5992916">the original</a> on 7 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Girard-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Girard_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Girard_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Girard, Fulgence (1858) <a class="external text external" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/La_p%C3%AAche_de_la_morue">La pêche de la morue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120730222620/http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/La_p%C3%AAche_de_la_morue">Archived</a> 30 July 2012 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (The cod fishery) <i>Le Monde illustré</i>, <b>53</b>. 17 April 1858. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translate.google.co.nz/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLa_p%25C3%25AAche_de_la_morue&act=url">Google translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224000455/http://translate.google.co.nz/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http:%2F%2Ffr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLa_p%C3%AAche_de_la_morue&act=url">Archived</a> 24 February 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?110348-1/cod-biography-fish">Presentation by Mark Kurlansky on <i>Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World</i>, August 15, 1998</a>, <a href="C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li>Bavington, Dean L. Y. <i>Managed Annihilation: An Unnatural History of the Newfoundland Cod Collapse</i> (University of British Columbia Press; 2010) 224 pages. Links the collapse of Newfoundland and Labrador cod fishing to state management of the resource.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCobb1916" class="citation book cs1">Cobb, John N. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGEZAAAAYAAJ"><i>Pacific Cod Fisheries</i></a>. Bureau of Fisheries Document. Vol. 830. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14263968">14263968</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVvK7yp1FzkC"><i>Four Fish: The Future of the Last Wild Food</i></a>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781594202568</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813929026">813929026</a>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Kurlansky" title="Mark Kurlansky">Mark Kurlansky</a> (1997). <i>Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World</i>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFShields2001" class="citation book cs1">Shields, Edward (2001). <i>Salt of the Sea: The Pacific Coast Cod Fishery and the Last Days of Sail</i>. Lopez Island, Wash.: Heritage House. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-894384-35-3</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/cod" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/cod">cod</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cod_dishes" class="extiw external" title="commons:Cod dishes"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Cod dishes</span></a>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gadus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Gadus">Gadus</a></b></i>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucd.ie/codtrace/codfish.htm">Codtrace</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201152058/http://www.ucd.ie/codtrace/codfish.htm">Archived</a> 1 February 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/NomenClature/ScientificNameSearchList.cfm?Genus=Gadus">fishbase.org – Scientific Names for Gadus</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501074530/http://www.fisheriesheritage.ca/">Fisheries Heritage website, Newfoundland and Labrador</a> (archived)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfh.uit.no/phaeocystis/uvac/TIM.htm">Long term trends in Norwegian cod fisheries – the pioneers</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311082838/http://www.seafish.org/upload/file/fisheries_management/Cod%20Factsheet2%20APRIL%202007%20v.1.1.pdf">Species factsheet on cod from the UK Sea Fish Industry Authority</a> (PDF, 2MB)</li>

<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Cod"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Cod">"Cod" </a></span>. <i><a href="New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cod,_haddock_and_pollock199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cod,_haddock_and_pollock199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">, <a href="Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> and <a href="Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#True_cod">True cod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Gadus" title="Gadus">Gadus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenland_cod" title="Greenland cod">Greenland cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a>

<ul><li><a href="Norway_pollock" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway pollock">Norway pollock</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Related_species">Cod-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arctogadus" title="Arctogadus">Arctic cod</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Siberian_cod" title="East Siberian cod">East Siberian cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucla_cod" title="Eucla cod">Eucla cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_ling" title="Common ling">Common ling</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelagic_cod" title="Pelagic cod">Pelagic cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Boreogadus_saida" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreogadus saida">Polar cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Saffron_cod" title="Saffron cod">Saffron cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Small-headed_cod" title="Small-headed cod">Small-headed cod</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Other_species">Other cod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Eastern_freshwater_cod" title="Eastern freshwater cod">Eastern freshwater cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_River_cod" title="Mary River cod">Mary River cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Murray_cod" title="Murray cod">Murray cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Potato_grouper" title="Potato grouper">Potato cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleepy_cod" title="Sleepy cod">Sleepy cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Trout_cod" title="Trout cod">Trout cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Nototheniidae" title="Nototheniidae">Nototheniidae</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antarctic_toothfish" title="Antarctic toothfish">Antarctic cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Notothenia_microlepidota" title="Notothenia microlepidota">Black cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Maori_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori cod">Maori cod</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pollock#True_cod" title="Pollock">True pollock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollachius</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Pollachius_pollachius" title="Pollachius pollachius">Atlantic pollock</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollachius_virens" title="Pollachius virens">Saithe (pollock)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li>

<li><a href="Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li>

<li><a href="Cod_fishing_in_Newfoundland" title="Cod fishing in Newfoundland">Cod fishing in Newfoundland</a></li>

<li><a href="Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</a></li>

<li><a href="Fishing_stage" title="Fishing stage">Fishing stage</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Cod_Fisheries%3A_The_History_of_an_International_Economy" title="The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy">The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ackee_and_saltfish" title="Ackee and saltfish">Ackee and saltfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Arbroath_smokie" title="Arbroath smokie">Arbroath smokie</a></li>

<li><a href="Bacala%C3%ADto" title="Bacalaíto">Bacalaíto</a></li>

<li><a href="Boknafisk" title="Boknafisk">Boknafisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabbie_claw" title="Cabbie claw">Cabbie claw</a></li>

<li><a href="Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Crappit_heid" title="Crappit heid">Crappit heid</a></li>

<li><a href="Cullen_skink" title="Cullen skink">Cullen skink</a></li>

<li><a href="Dried_and_salted_cod" title="Dried and salted cod">Dried and salted cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Finnan_haddie" title="Finnan haddie">Finnan haddie</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_and_brewis" title="Fish and brewis">Fish and brewis</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li>

<li><a href="Fishcake" title="Fishcake">Fishcake</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_finger" title="Fish finger">Fish finger</a></li>

<li><a href="Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Pescado_frito" title="Pescado frito">Pescado frito</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrod" title="Scrod">Scrod</a></li>

<li><a href="Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Taramasalata" title="Taramasalata">Taramasalata</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_Grimsby_smoked_fish" title="Traditional Grimsby smoked fish">Traditional Grimsby smoked fish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Banks_dory" title="Banks dory">Banks dory</a></li>

<li><a href="Caj%C3%B3n_de_rumba" title="Cajón de rumba">Cajón de rumba</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_flake" title="Fish flake">Fish flake</a></li>

<li><a href="Isinglass" title="Isinglass">Isinglass</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacred_Cod" title="Sacred Cod">Sacred Cod</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a></li>

<li><a href="Whiting_(fish)" title="Whiting (fish)">Whiting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li>

<li><a href="Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li>

<li><a href="Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li>

<li><a href="Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li>

<li><a href="Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li>

<li><a href="Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li>

<li><a href="Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li>

<li><a href="Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li>

<li><a href="Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li>

<li><a href="Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li>

<li><a href="Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li>

<li><a href="Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li>

<li><a href="Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li>

<li><a href="Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li>

<li><a href="Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li>

<li><a href="Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li>

<li><a href="Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li>

<li><a href="Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li>

<li><a href="Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li>

<li><a href="Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li>

<li><a href="Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li>

<li><a href="Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li>

<li><a href="Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li>

<li><a href="Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li>

<li><a href="Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li>

<li><a href="Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li>

<li><a href="Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li>

<li><a href="Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li>

<li><a href="Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li>

<li><a href="Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li>

<li><a href="Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li>

<li><a href="Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li>

<li><a href="Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a>

<ul><li><a href="Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li>

<li><a href="Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li>

<li><a href="World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li>

<li><a href="Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13194939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata646" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13194939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata646" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85027650">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284043105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/3fb27f10-d4c2-43f4-89c0-67377c0d5dfe">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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